When Spain, Ireland, and Norway announced in May 2024 their decision to recognise a Palestinian state, Israel’s closest allies deemed the move unhelpful to resolving the Gaza crisis.
While France, Britain and Canada stressed their support for establishing two states with recognised borders as the long-term solution to the Israel-Palestinian conflict, they were wary of being seen to reward Hamas, of damaging relations with Israel and Washington, and of squandering diplomatic capital.
“I will not do an ’emotional’ recognition,” French President Emmanuel Macron said at the time.
But as Israeli restrictions on aid escalated Gaza’s humanitarian crisis and a two-month truce ended in March, talks began in earnest that would lead three of the Group of Seven major Western economies to set out plans to recognise a Palestinian state in September.
Two-State Solution Fears Boost Recognition Drive
“The possibility of a two-state solution is being eroded before our eyes … that has been one of the factors that has brought us to this point to try to reverse, with partners, this cycle,” Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney said on Thursday.
France and Saudi Arabia formed a plan to have more Western countries move towards Palestinian recognition, while Arab states would be pushed to take a stronger line against Hamas.
The pair wanted their proposals to gain acceptance at a United Nations conference in June, but they struggled to gain traction, and the meeting was then postponed due to Israeli airstrikes on Iran and amid intense U.S. diplomatic pressure.
The strikes led to a pause in public criticism of Israel from Western allies, and Arab states were hard to win round, but discussions continued behind the scenes. Macron, Carney and British Prime Minister Keir Starmer were communicating with each other regularly by phone and texts during June and July, according to a Canadian source with direct knowledge of the events.
Canada was wary of acting alone, and Britain wanted to ensure any move would have maximum impact, but Macron was more strident.
Alarm was growing about images of starving children, and fears were mounting that Israel’s Gaza offensive, combined with settler attacks on Palestinians in the West Bank, would further undermine any chance of creating a sovereign Palestinian state.
On July 24, Macron made a surprise announcement that France would recognise a Palestinian state at the U.N. General Assembly in September.
Neither Britain nor Canada followed immediately. But the relatively muted reaction by U.S. President Donald Trump – saying the statement carried no weight but that Macron was still a “great guy” – brought some reassurance that the diplomatic fallout would be manageable if others went the same way.
Macron, Starmer, Merz, Carney
Macron spoke with Starmer and German Chancellor Friedrich Merz two days later to discuss a “sustainable route to a two-state solution”, according to Starmer’s spokesperson, just before the prime minister was due to meet Trump in Scotland.
With Trump, Starmer pressed the case to do more to help Gaza, although, according to Trump, he never explicitly said a recognition plan was on the cards, though Trump has since criticised such moves as “rewarding Hamas”.
With Trump still in Britain on Tuesday, opening a golf course, Starmer recalled his cabinet from their summer break to get approval for his recognition plan. Britain would recognise a Palestinian state in September unless there were a ceasefire and a lasting peace plan from Israel.
Like Macron, Starmer gave Carney a few hours’ warning. Once Britain and France had moved, Canada felt it had to follow suit, according to the Canadian source.
“International cooperation is essential to securing lasting peace and stability in the Middle East, and Canada will do its best to help lead that effort,” Carney said on Wednesday, six days after Macron’s announcement.
In practical terms, the three countries’ move will not change much. U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio dismissed the recognition as “irrelevant” while its other major Group of Seven allies – Germany, Italy and Japan – have given no indication they will follow suit.
More than three-quarters of the 193 members of the U.N. General Assembly already independently recognise a Palestinian state. But the opposition of the U.S., with its veto power on the U.N. Security Council, means the U.N. cannot admit Palestine as a full member – a move that would effectively recognise a Palestinian state at the global level.
However, Richard Gowan, U.N. director at the International Crisis Group, said the declarations mattered “precisely because we are seeing some big U.S. allies catching up with the bulk of the Global South on the Palestinian question at the U.N.”.
“That makes it a little harder for Israel to write off the pro-recognition camp as irrelevant.”
(With inputs from Reuters)
